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مقاله ۲۰۱۲: سیلوسایب در تایلند: چهار گونه جدید و مروری بر گونه های شناسایی شده قبل

Psilocybe s.s. in Thailand: four new species and a review of previously recorded species

Abstract:

Keywords: HALLUCINOGENIC MUSHROOMS; RICHNESS MYCOBIOTA; STROPHARIACEAE; TROPICS

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: اثرات ضد میکروبی آنالوگ های کومبوچا

 Antimicrobial effect of Kombucha analogues

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تاثیر کمپوست مصرفی قارچ روی Lecanicillium fungicola

در ایران کار شده،کار جالبی بوده چندتا باکتری جدا کردند که احتمالا اثر بازدارندگی به خاطر اونها بوده و نه خود عصاره. انشااله خودشون یا بدم به ما تا فرمولاسیون تجاریشو تولید کنیم

The effect of spent mushroom compost on Lecanicillium fungicola in vivo and in vitro

Hossein Riahi^a, Mehrnaz Hashemi^a* & Kasra Sharifi^b

Leached spent mushroom compost (SMC) and its extract were tested to suppress Lecanicillium fungicola in white button mushroom. Sterile and non-sterile mixture of SMC and peat were used to assess suppressiveness against L. fungicola in greenhouse experiments. The extract of SMC was prepared with sterile, non-sterile, filtered, supplied with nystatin, streptomycin and penicillin antibiotics to evaluate their effect in suppression of pathogen in vitro. Isolated bacteria from SMC extract were tested for antagonism rate against Lecanicillium fungicola. The results of the experiments showed that all applications rate of none-sterile SMC were effective in control of pathogen. However, the sterile SMC amendments did not have a positive effect on the pathogen suppression in vitro or in vivo, as was expected. The treatments amended with SMC 100% and 60% showed the most suppressive effect in the control of pathogen. Using of non-sterile SMC 20%, 40%, 60% and peat soil were most effective in mushroom yield. The extract of leached SMC showed inhibition of L. fungicola in petri dishes. Three bacteria isolated from extract, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus amyloliquefacien identified using 16s rRNA, showed an antagonistic effect with the fungal growth.

 مقاله ۲۰۱۲: سینتتیک غیرفعال شدن پلی فنل اکسیداز در قارچ دکمه ای در طی تیمار گرمایی

The inactivation kinetics of polyphenol oxidase in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) during thermal and thermosonic treatments

The effect of thermal and thermosonic treatments on the inactivation kinetics of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) was studied in 55-75 °C temperature range. In both the processes, the inactivation kinetics of PPO followed a first-order kinetics (R²=0.941-0.989). The D values during thermal inactivation varied from 112±8.4 min to 1.2±0.07 min while they varied from 57.8±6.1 to 0.88±0.05min during thermosonic inactivation at the same temperature range. The activation energy during thermal inactivation was found to be 214±17 kJ/mol, while it was 183±32 kJ/mol during thermosonic inactivation. The inactivating effect of combined ultrasound and heat was found to synergistically enhance theinactivation kinetics of PPO. The D values of PPO decreased by 1.3–3 times during thermosonic inactivation compared to the D values of PPO during thermal inactivation at the temperature range. Therefore, thermosonication can be further developed as an alternative to “hot break” process of mushroom.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: خصوصیات شیمایی و فعالیت زیستی قارچ های خوراکی قابل کشت: مطالعاتی بر روی کلاههک و میسلیوم

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: توالی یابی ژنوم قارچ دکمه ای مکانیسم های مرتبط با آداپته شدن به نیچ اگولوژیکی غنی از هیومیک را نشان می دهد

Genome sequence of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus reveals mechanisms governing adaptation to a humic-rich ecological niche

Agaricus bisporus is the model fungus for the adaptation, persistence, and growth in the humic-rich leaf-litter environment. Aside from its ecological role, A. bisporus has been an important component of the human diet for over 200 y and worldwide cultivation of the “button mushroom” forms a multibillion dollar industry. We present two A. bisporus genomes, their gene repertoires and transcript profiles on compost and during mushroom formation. The genomes encode a full repertoire of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes similar to that of wood-decayers. Comparative transcriptomics of mycelium grown on defined medium, casing-soil, and compost revealed genes encoding enzymes involved in xylan, cellulose, pectin, and protein degradation are more highly expressed in compost. The striking expansion of heme-thiolate peroxidases and β-etherases is distinctive from Agaricomycotina wood-decayers and suggests a broad attack on decaying lignin and related metabolites found in humic acid-rich environment. Similarly, up-regulation of these genes together with a lignolytic manganese peroxidase, multiple copper radical oxidases, and cytochrome P450s is consistent with challenges posed by complex humic-rich substrates. The gene repertoire and expression of hydrolytic enzymes in A. bisporus is substantially different from the taxonomically related ectomycorrhizal symbiont Laccaria bicolor. A common promoter motif was also identified in genes very highly expressed in humic-rich substrates. These observations reveal genetic and enzymatic mechanisms governing adaptation to the humic-rich ecological niche formed during plant degradation, further defining the critical role such fungi contribute to soil structure and carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Genome sequence will expedite mushroom breeding for improved agronomic characteristics.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: مدیریت بیمارگر های قارچ خوراکی از طریق مواد موثره گیاهی

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مقاله ۲۰۱۲: بهبود فعالیت کاتالایتیکی، مقاومت دماویی، و تجزیه رنگ  توسط لاکیز جداشده از قارچ صدفی با استفاده از ژل هیدروفوب

Improvement of Catalytic Efficiency, Thermo-stability and Dye Decolorization Capability of Pleurotus ostreatus IBL-02 laccase by Hydrophobic Sol Gel Entrapment.

ABSTRACT:

BACKGROUND: In serious consideration of the worldwide environmental issues associated with the extensive use of the textile dyes and effluents generated thereof, the scientists across the world are in search for potential treatment technologies for their treatment. In such scenario the ligninolytic enzymes provide a potential alternative because they are cost effective, eco-friendly and can be applied to wide range of dye containing industrial effluents.

RESULTS:

Laccase produced from Pleurotus ostreatus IBL-02 during decolorization of the reactive textile dye Drimarene brilliant red K-4BL (DBR K-4BL) was purified and immobilized by hydrophobic gel entrapment. The crude laccase was 4.2-fold purified with specific activity of 573.52 U/mg after passing through the DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange and Sephadex-G-100 chromatography columns. P. ostreatus IBL-02 laccase was found to be a homogenous monomeric protein as evident by single band corresponding to 67 kDa on native and sodium dodesylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The laccase was immobilized by entrapment in Sol--gel matrix of trimethoxysilane (T) and proplytetramethoxysilane (P) prepared using different T:P molar ratios. The free and immobilized laccases were compared to investigate the effect of immobilization on catalytic efficiency and thermo-stability features. Laccase immobilized in the Sol--gel of 1:5 T:P ratio was optimally active and thermo-stable fraction at pH 5, 60[degree sign]C with half-life of 3 h and 50 min. Laccases immobilized in 1:2 and 1:5 T:P ratio gels had significantly higher Km (83 and100mM) and Vmax (1000 and 1111 mM/mg) values as compared to free laccase. After 5 h reaction time varying decolorization percentages with a maximum of 100% were achieved for different dyes and effluents.

CONCLUSIONS:

In summary, P. ostreatus IBL-02 laccase was immobilized by entrapping in a Sol--gel matrix with an objective to enhance its catalytic and stability properties. Sol--gel entrapped laccase presented potential efficiency as a biocatalyst when applied for decolorization of different dyes and effluents. The main benefits of the Sol--gel matrix immobilization processes are the eco-friendly approach, chemical free and energy saving reaction conditions

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تغیرات بیوشیمیایی در اسپان قارچ خوراکی طی نگهداری

Biochemical changes occurring in spawn of Agaricus bisporus during storage

مقاله ۲۰۱۲:  نوترکیبی میتوکندریایی در جمعیت های طبیعی قارچ دکمه ای Agaricus

Mitochondrial recombination in natural populations of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Abstract

In the majority of sexual eukaryotes, the mitochondrial genomes are inherited uniparentally and have predominantly clonal population structures. In clonally evolving genomes, alleles at different loci will be in significant linkage disequilibrium. In this study, the associations among alleles at nine mitochondrial loci were analyzed for 379 isolates in four natural populations of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The results indicated that the mitochondrial genome in the Desert California population was not significantly different from random recombination. In contrast, the three other populations all showed predominantly clonal mitochondrial population structure. While no evidence of recombination was found in the Alberta, Canada A. bisporus population, signatures of recombination were evident in the Coastal Californian and the French populations. We discuss the potential mechanisms that could have contributed to the observed mitochondrial recombination and to the differences in allelic associations among the geographic populations in this economically important mushroom.

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 مقاله ۲۰۱۲: مروری بر خصوصیات ضد میکروبی عصاره های قارچ های کلاهک دار و ترکیبات جدا شده

A Review on Antimicrobial Activity of Mushroom (Basidiomycetes) Extracts and Isolated Compounds

Abstract

Despite the huge diversity of antibacterial compounds, bacterial resistance to first-choice antibiotics has been drastically increasing. Moreover, the association between multiresistant microorganisms and nosocomial infections highlight the problem, and the urgent need for solutions. Natural resources have been exploited in the last years and among them, mushrooms could be an alternative source of new antimicrobials. In this review, we present an overview of the antimicrobial properties of mushroom extracts and highlight some of the active compounds identified, including low- and high-molecular weight (LMW and HMW, respectively) compounds. LMW compounds are mainly secondary metabolites, such as sesquiterpenes and other terpenes, steroids, anthraquinones, benzoic acid derivatives, and quinolines, but also primary metabolites such as oxalic acid. HMW compounds are mainly peptides and proteins. Data available from the literature indicate a higher antimicrobial activity of mushroom extracts against gram-positive bacteria. Among all the mushrooms, Lentinus edodes is the most studied species and seems to have a broad antimicrobial action against both gram-postive and gram-negative bacteria. Plectasin peptide, obtained from Pseudoplectania nigrella, is the isolated compound with the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, while 2-aminoquinoline, isolated from Leucopaxillus albissimus, presents the highest antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria.

Key words

مقاله ۲۰۱۲:خصوصیات آنتی اکسیدانی میسلیوم کشت شده چهار گونه قارچ صدفی در محیط کشت مایع

Antioxidant Properties of Cultured Mycelia from Four Pleurotus Species Produced in Submerged Medium

ABSTRACT

The ethanolic extracts of dried cultured mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus sajor-caju were analyzed for antioxidant activity in different systems. Tests used are; reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity and metal chelating activitiy and so, total phenolic content was determined. The percentage inhibition of P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, P. florida and P. sajor-caju at 20 mg/mL concentration on peroxidation in β-carotene–linoleic acid system was 57.19, 60.68, 62.12, 58.81 %, respectively. The reducing power of P. eryngii was higher than the other samples, and its value was 0.86 at 10 mg/mL concentration. P. ostreatus, and P. sajor-caju proved to be better at scavenging superoxide anion radicals than the P. eryngii and P. florida. In the scavenging effect of DPPH radical test, P. ostreatus showed the highest activity potential and P. sajor-caju showed the strongest metal chelating capacity.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: ویژگی های آنتی اکسیدانی گونه های قارچ های خوراکی مختلف و افزایش ضریب تبدیل شاه صدف با استفاده از مواد محلی در دست رس برای خاک پوششی

Antioxidant properties of different edible mushroom species and increased bioconversion efficiency of Pleurotus eryngii using locally available casing materials

Total phenolics, radical scavenging activity (RSA) on DPPH, ascorbic acid content and chelating activity on Fe²⁺ of Pleurotus citrinopileatus, P. djamor, P. eryngii, P. flabellatus, P. florida, P. ostreatus, P. sajor-caju and Hypsizygus ulmarius have been evaluated. The assayed mushrooms contained 3.94-21.67 mg TAE of phenolics, 13.63-69.67% DPPH scavenging activity, 3.76-6.76 mg ascorbic acid and 60.25-82.7% chelating activity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that significantly higher total phenolics, RSA on DPPH and growth/day was present in P. eryngii whereas P. citrinopileatus showed higher ascorbic acid and chelating activity. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that studied mushroom species fall into two clusters; Cluster I included P. djamor, P. eryngii and P. flabellatus, while Cluster II included H. ulmarius, P. sajor-caju, P. citrinopileatus, P. ostreatus and P. florida. Enhanced yield of P. eryngii was achieved on spent compost casing material. Use of casing materials enhanced yield by 21-107% over non-cased substrate.

► Pleurotus eryngii possessed higher total phenolics, RSA on DPPH and growth/day. ► Higher ascorbic acid and chelating activity was found in P. citrinopileatus. ► Based on AHC, studied edible mushroom species were fall into two clusters. ► Enhanced BE of P. eryngii was achieved using spent compost casing overlay.

Keywords

• Edible mushrooms, Antioxidant properties;
• Principal component analysis;
• Pleurotus eryngi;
• Casing materials;
• Biological efficiency

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تاثیر باقیمانده ساقه قارچ شاه صدف روی کیفیت گوشت جوجه های گوشتی

The effect of Pleurotus eryngii stalk residue on the oxidative status and meat quality of broiler chickens.

Abstract

Pleurotus eryngii stalk residue (PESR) is a by-product of the edible portion of the fruiting body. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of PESR on oxidative status and meat quality of broilers. Two hundred fifty 1-d-old male broilers (Arbor Acre) were evenly divided by gender and randomly allocated into control (corn-soybean meal diet) or 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 or 20.0 g/kg dried PESR groups. The results revealed that at 35 d, the dried PESR groups displayed a significantly increased water-holding capacity and decreased storage loss of breast and thigh fillets when compared to the control group. Regarding fillets color, the L* (lightness) values were lower and the a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values were higher following dried PESR supplementation. In 5.0 to 20.0 g/kg PESR supplementation groups, the activities of antioxidative enzymes were significantly elevated in serum, liver, spleen and fillet tissues when compared to control group. Additionally, malondialdehyde production was slightly decreased in PESR supplementation group. Lower crude fat contents were observed in fillet tissues of 5.0 to 20.0 g/kg PESR groups when compared with control group. In conclusion, PESR may potentially be used as an antioxidant to decrease lipid peroxidation and improve meat quality in broilers.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: لاکیز خارچ سلولی از قارچ صدفی: مقاومت به دما و واکنش نسبت به یون های فلزی

Extracellular laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus strain EM-1 :Thermal stability and response to metal ions

Abstract:

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مقاله ۲۰۱۲: ارزیابی محیط کشت های ارگانیک مختلف روی ترکیب شیمایی خاک، رشد و عملکرد قارچ پلوروتوس

Comparative Evaluation of Different Organic Media on Soil Chemical Composition, Growth, and Yield of Mushroom (Pleurotus tubergium L.)

The effectiveness of organic media as sources of nutrients on soil fertility, growth, and yield of mushroom (Pleurotus tubergium) was studied at Akure in the rainforest zone of Nigeria. The organic media were applied at 8 t/ha with an organo-mineral fertilizer medium as a reference material and unfertilized control treatment, replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The result showed that the use of organic media increased significantly crown width, stalk length, stalk girth, weight of fruiting bodies of mushroom and soil K, Ca, Mg, N, P, K, Ca, and O.M compared to the control treatment. Among the organic media, loamy soil had the highest values of mushroom crown width and weight of fruiting bodies relative to the others. However, the organo-mineral medium still had higher values of mushroom growth and yield than the soil organic media, but it may increase cost of production. For soil chemical composition, loamy soil treatment had the highest values of soil O.M and % N while oil palm bunch husk had the highest values of soil K, Ca, and Mg compared to other treatments. Wood ash treatment increased most the soil pH. In these experiments, loamy soil and soybean husk media applied at 8 t/ha were the most effective organic media for improving growth, yield of mushroom, and soil fertility.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: عدم  وجود مقاومت القایی در قارچ دکمه ای بر علیه عامل حباب خشک

Absence of induced resistance in Agaricus bisporus against Lecanicillium fungicola

Abstract

Lecanicillium fungicola causes dry bubble disease and is an important problem in the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Little is known about the defense of mushrooms against pathogens in general and L. fungicola in particular. In plants and animals, a first attack by a pathogen often induces a systemic response that results in an acquired resistance to subsequent attacks by the same pathogen. The development of functionally similar responses in these two eukaryotic kingdoms indicates that they are important to all multi-cellular organisms. We investigated if such responses also occur in the interaction between the white button mushroom and L. fungicola. A first infection of mushrooms of the commercial A. bisporus strain Sylvan A15 by L. fungicola did not induce systemic resistance against a subsequent infection. Similar results were obtained with the A. bisporus strain MES01497, which was demonstrated to be more resistant to dry bubble disease. Apparently, fruiting bodies of A. bisporus do not express induced resistance against L. fungicola.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: پلوران (یک بتاگلوکان قارچ صدفی): یک مکمل غذایی موثر علیه عفونت دستگاه تنفسی

Pleuran (β-Glucan from P: leurotus ostreatus ): An Effective Nutritional Supplement against Upper Respiratory Tract Infections?.

Prolonged and high-intensity exercise affects immune function and leads to an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in endurance athletes. The increased incidence of URTI symptoms may negatively affect athletic performance. Various nutritional supplements have been tested in the last decade for their ability to prevent developing of URTIs or reduce their incidence. One of the most promising nutritional supplements is β-glucan, a well-known immunomodulator with positive effects on functioning of immunocompetent cells. However, β-glucans are a diverse group of molecules that vary in macromolecular structure, solubility, viscosity, molecular weight and biological activity. This fact is supported by results from recent human clinical studies where β-glucans of different origin and properties differed in ability to prevent or reduce incidence of URTIs in athletes. It has been found that pleuran, a unique insoluble β-glucan isolated from mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, significantly reduced the incidence of URTI symptoms in athletes. In addition, it was able to increase the number of circulating natural killer cells and to prevent reduction of natural killer cell activity. Contrarily, soluble oat β-glucan supplementation did not alter URTI incidence in endurance athletes. This difference suggests that the immunomodulatory capacity of β-glucans is strongly dependent on solubility and structural factors such as backbone structure and degree of branching. This review refers to using pleuran as a natural supplement that is able to protect endurance athletes against development of URTI.

EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WHITE BUTTON MUSHROOM AGARICUS BISPORUS

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مقاله ۲۰۱۲: فعالیت ضد رادیکالی و آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره های متانولی قارچ ترمیت بومی

Antiradical and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of indigenous termitarian mushroom from Tanzania

Abstract

The result showed that they all exhibited scavenging ability and antiradical activity although the ability differed markedly among the species. The highest antiradical activity unit (EAU₅₁₅) was from T. microcarpus (EAU₅₁₅ 1.48) followed by T. aurantiacus (EAU₅₁₅ 1.43) while the lowest was from T. eurhizus (EAU₅₁₅ 0.7). The scavenging power was also highest in T. microcarpus (EC₅₀ < 0.1 mg/ml) followed by T. letestui (EC₅₀ = 0.14 mg/ml); while T. eurhizus showed the least power (EC₅₀ = 0.36 mg/ml). In quantitative analysis, T. microcarpus was also found having high content of phenols, Flavonoid, and b-carotene except lycopene and Vitamin C content which were high in T. aurantiacus and T. eurhizus respectively.

Based on these results, all studied termitarian mushroom are good source of antioxidants while T. microcarpus could be considered as potential antiradicals of high profile thus thought for selection in preparation of mushroom-based nutraceutics. The results also endorse the continuing harvesting of these wild mushrooms for including them in our daily food for healthy diets.

 Keywords: Antioxidant, antiradical, Termitomyces, Termitarian, Tanzania

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: ارزیابی باکتری های افزایش دهنده رشد قارچ خوراکی دکمه ای

Evaluation of indigenous potent mushroom growth promoting bacteria (MGPB) on Agaricus bisporus production

Mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus, are cultivated for food worldwide. Fruit body initiation in Agaricus bisporus is a phase change from the vegetative to the reproductive stage which depends on the presence of a casing layer with particular physical, chemical and microbiological properties. The phase change is achieved practically by environmental manipulation and the presence of naturally occurring bacteria such as Pseuodomonas putida. In this study, 274 individual bacterial isolates were collected by screening the casing layer of 14 edible mushroom farms. The isolates were analysed with respect to biochemical properties, organic and inorganic phosphate solubilization, production of siderophore and growth in the presence of volatile compound of 1-octen-3-ol. It was found that approximately 97% of the strains were able to grow in the presence of 1-octen-3-ol and 36% were able to solubilize phosphorus. Among the isolates, 23 strains were selected as potent mushroom growth promoting bacteria (MGPB) for inoculation of the casing layer. Field experiments using these strains showed various promoting effects on production of mushroom. Finally, 2 strains (strains Bt4 and Ps7) showing the highest increase in A. bisporus production, were characterized as Pseuodomonas putida by molecular methods and identified as the best suited growth promoting inoculants for application in production farms for increasing the mushroom yield.

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مقاله ۲۰۱۲: کومبوچا و اثرات آن روی سرطان پروستات

Downregulation of signalling molecules involved in angiogenesis of prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) by kombucha (lyophilized)

Abstract

Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage produced by fermenting sugared black tea with tea fungus (kombucha). Prostate cancer like other solid tumours is also angiogenesis-dependent. The development of prostate cancer is a multi-step process, advancing from high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to focal carcinoma, then to invasive carcinoma and finally to metastatic disease. In this study, we examined the anti-angiogenic effect of kombucha on angiogenesis stimulators/regulators (gene expression of human inducible factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-8, cyclooxygenase-2, and matrix metalloproteinases) in human androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line. Kombucha remarkably inhibits the angiogenesis through the alterations in the expression of angiogenic stimulators. Our study demonstrates that kombucha significantly decreases the survival of prostate cancer cells by downregulating the expression of angiogenesis stimulators. These findings suggest that kombucha may be useful for the prostate cancer treatment/prevention.

فروش كومبوچا (کومبوجا) قارچ معجزه گر توسط قارچ ایران زمین

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: یافته های جدید در مورد بیوشیمی تخمیر چای کومبوچا کومبوجا و اثرات بالقوه نوشیدن کومبوچا روی هضم نشاسته

Insights into the fermentation biochemistry of Kombucha teas and potential impacts of Kombucha drinking on starch digestion

Abstract

The biochemistry of Kombucha fermentation was analyzed using green and black teas (GTK and BTK). Sucrose disappeared linearly in Kombucha mediums during the two week fermentation period for GTK (2.3 g.day^− 1.L^− 1) but only during the first week for BTK (5.0 g.d^− 1.L^− 1). The produced glucose and fructose formed disappeared faster in BTK than in GTK and in both fermentation mediums glucose was preferred to fructose as the carbon source. Ethanol, acetate equivalents and cellulose linearly increased during the fermentation (0.17, 0.35 and 0.50 g.d^− 1.L^− 1 in GTK, and 0.15, 0.46 and 0.63 g.d^− 1.L^− 1 in BTK, respectively). Likewise, the disappearance of glucose + fructose in Kombucha first linearly increased during the first stages of fermentation before it dropped at day 9 for GTK and at day 12 for BTK, suggesting a change of the carbon source. The protein fraction (< 0.5 g/L) transiently increased during the fermentation of teas and so did a 60-kDa protein band in SDS-PAGE. In both GTK and BTK, only slight changes were observed in total phenolics and in the main tea flavanols. Nevertheless, the theaflavins moderately increased (more than 50% at day 15) and the thearubigins markedly decreased (more than 2-fold at day 15). The Kombucha beverage was able to strongly inhibit starch hydrolysis by porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase and the inhibition potency increased during fermentation progress. The active compounds were suspected to be monomeric and/or oligomeric phenolic compounds. After drinking a bowl of Kombucha beverage, the concentration of these phenolics could be sufficient for inhibiting, to a certain extent, pancreatic alpha-amylase in the small intestine, with a possible impact on starch digestion and on net absorbed glucose.

Highlights

► Metabolic performance of Kombucha is higher with black than with green tea. ► Glucose is preferred to fructose as carbon source for Kombucha microflora. ► Carbon source switched from sucrose to other sources during Kombucha fermentation. ► Theaflavins and thearubigins changed during fermentation but not the other phenolics. ► Kombucha diluted 1000-fold performed 50 % inhibition of pancreatic alpha amylase.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: حفظ کیفیت قارچ صدفی با استفاده از ترکیبی از تیمار های شیمیایی و تغییر هوای داخل بسته بندی ها

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مقاله ۲۰۱۲: مدیریت کپک های رقیب و بیماری ها در قارچ خوراکی وولواریلا

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: فاکتور های تاثیر گذار فیزیکو شیمیایی کمپوست بر روی عملکرد قارچ دکمه ای

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ضایئات ذرت (بخش چوبی بلال) و ذغال فعال در تولید لاکیز و بازیدیوم قارچ صدفی

Corncob and active charcoal in the Laccase and Basidiome production of Pleurotus sp.

Abstract

Corn cob as a lignocellulosic feedstock could be a viable option for edible mushroom production by fungi of the genus Pleurotus considering that there are enormous amounts of this agricultural waste in the State of Parana, as well in the whole Brazil territory. This work evaluated three strains of Pleurotus sp., Pleurotus ostreatus (white and CCB), P. Eryngii (salmon), as laccase producers using liquid extract of corn cob, and solid medium based on corn cob without adding other nutritional sources. A strain of Pleurotus ostreatus (white) produced the highest titres of laccase in liquid medium (1.2 U L^-1) and also on solid medium (~2.8 U kg^-1) among the three strains evaluated. The additon of active charcoal increased the biological efficency (30.3%) of P. eryngii (salmon) when compared in its absence (12.7%). However, the strain of P. ostreatus (white) did not present statistical difference among the treatments demonstrating that the addition of active charcoal to the solid medium for mushroom production can promote an increase in the biological efficiency depending upon the fungal strain used.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تعیین توالی ژنوم قارچ گنودرما Ganoderma lucidum

Genome sequence of the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum is a widely used medicinal macrofungus in traditional Chinese medicine that creates a diverse set of bioactive compounds. Here we report its 43.3-Mb genome, encoding 16,113 predicted genes, obtained using next-generation sequencing and optical mapping approaches. The sequence analysis reveals an impressive array of genes encoding cytochrome P450s (CYPs), transporters and regulatory proteins that cooperate in secondary metabolism. The genome also encodes one of the richest sets of wood degradation enzymes among all of the sequenced basidiomycetes. In all, 24 physical CYP gene clusters are identified. Moreover, 78 CYP genes are coexpressed with lanosterol synthase, and 16 of these show high similarity to fungal CYPs that specifically hydroxylate testosterone, suggesting their possible roles in triterpenoid biosynthesis. The elucidation of the G. lucidum genome makes this organism a potential model system for the study of secondary metabolic pathways and their regulation in medicinal fungi.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: استانداردسازی تکنولوژی تولید قارچ دکمه ای سفید در اودیشا با استفاده از روش های بلند مدت کمپوست سازی

Standardization of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production technologies in odisha following long method of composting.

Abstract

Among the high yielding strains of Agaricus bisporus screened for their adaptability in Odisha conditions, S-11 was found to be superior with 13.43% biological efficiency. Production technologies viz., evaluation of compost formulations and casing materials were standardized. Paddy straw based compost formulation along with FYM+loam soil (1:1) as casing material could yield 12.66 and 13.15% biological efficiency respectively. The experiments were conducted using wheat grain spawn with optimum temperature and humidity.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: مطالعه ای بر روی خصوصیات بافتی و تغییر رنگ قارچ در طی خشک کردن

Drying Behaviour and Change in Colour and Textural Properties of Mushroom During Drying

Button mushroom in the form of whole and slices were dried using convective hot air drying and microwave drying methods. Main objectives were to study the drying behavior and change in colour and textural properties. To get moisture content of 0.08 g/g, hot air drying at 600C took 463 minutes and 350 minutes for whole and sliced mushroom respectively whereas these times were just 9 minutes and 8.5 minutes when the microwave oven was run at 60% of its maximum power (1350 W). The convective hot air drying process can be put into two falling rate periods. The decrease in brightness (indicated by L-value) in dried samples was about 44% as compared to the fresh ones. The variation within the differently dried samples was not much. Hardness was lowest (<2>N) in fresh samples and was highest (>5.5 N) in microwave dried samples with hot air dried samples in between. For most of the samples, the springiness were between 0.4 and 0.6 except for hot air dried sliced samples where it was 0.9. Except in hot air dried samples, the change in cohesiveness was not much. Adhesiveness was found in fresh mushroom only..

Keywords: mushrooms; drying; colour; textural properties

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تاثیر تیمار های فوق صوتی و شیمیایی روی قارچ دکمه ای قبل از بسته بندی با اتمسفر تغیر یافته برای افزایش دوام قارچ پس از برداشت

Effects of ultrasound and chemical treatments on white mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) prior to modified atmosphere packaging in extending shelf-life

Abstract

Effects of pre-treatments of white mushrooms prior to modified atmosphere packaging on their physico-chemical and microbiological properties were studied during 12 days of storage at 4 °C. Physico-chemical and microbiological properties of differently treated mushrooms stored at 4 °C were significantly different (P < 0.05) from untreated ones. Washed samples exhibited the smallest respiration rate compared to all other samples. Hydrogen peroxide washing was effective in retaining mushrooms colour change. Furthermore, the diminishments in weight of ultrasound treated samples during storage were significantly (P  < 0.05) low in comparison with the other four treatments. The weight loss for ultrasound treated samples were 3.52 %, 4.07 % and 4.59 % for U_ca, U_H2O2 and U_H2O respectively. The lowest PPO activity was observed in U_ca, U_H2O2 followed by W_ca, W_H2O2, U_H2O and W_H2O treatments respectfully. Combined treatments showed lower polyphenol oxidase activity, retained antioxidants, delayed pseudomonas growth and did not cause any decline in tissue firmness during storage time implying that it could extend shelf life of white mushrooms up to 12 days at 4 °C.

لینک در ادامه مطلب

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: اصلاح قارچ شاه صدف با اشعه

Hybridization Breeding of Pleurotus Eryngii with Ultraviolet Irradiation on Mononuclear Mycelia and Selecting of Filial Generations

Pleurotus eryngii is one of the important edible fungis with high value and medicinal properties. The industrialization and scale of Pleurotus eryngii is developed with the generalize of liquid spawn planting method. In this experiment, as the parent strain of Pleurotus eryngii, the application of submerged culture spawn for Xing-T was studied. with ultraviolet radiation mutagenesis and monospore cross breeding, the good quality progeny strains would be obtained by a series of selecting experiments.1. An optimum medium was determined, dand compositions of fermentation were as follows: Soybean powder 2%, wheat bran 2%, glucose 1%, yeast extract 0.5%, KH2PO4 0.1%, MgSO4·7H2O 0.1%, VB1 0.002%. The activity of pellets reached largest, and the fermentative period was 7 d. The optimal storage time of liquid spawn in 4℃was 6 d, and The time of the liquid spawn from germination to harvest was 51 d.2. In this experiment, with ultraviolet irradiation on mononuclear mycelia of Pleurotus eryngii, five different time stages were set up, and monospore cross breed with the mutagenize of mycelia.3. 76 new crossing progeniy strains were obtained by microscope checking and antagonistic experiment. And 16 new strains were obtained by means of vertical slab polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis and analysis of esterase isozyme of parent and new cross combinations, which had mutually complementary enzyme bands and new enzyme bands.4. Comparing the growth of mycelium, the resistance to Trichoderma Viride and characteristics of fruiting bodies, Z26 growed fast in the mother culture with 4.82 mm/d. Z56 was the best strain in the liquid medium with the highest weight, the smallest diameter and the largest density. The average biological efficiency of Z6 and Z25 was higher than parent strain.5. Four strains were obtained. The mycelium of Z26 growed well and faster, and had stronger resistance to Trichoderma Viride. Z42 and Z59 showed bigger fruiting body with well characteristics; Z56 was in order to liquid spawn.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تاثیر پارامتر های مختلف تخمیری روی خصوصیات کیفی کفیر

Effects of different fermentation parameters on quality characteristics of kefir.

Kök-Taş T, Seydim AC, Ozer B, Guzel-Seydim ZB.

Source

Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Suleyman Demirel University, Cunur, 32260 Isparta, Turkey. Electronic address: tugbakoktas@sdu.edu.tr.

Abstract

The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of different fermentation parameters on kefir quality. Kefir samples were produced using kefir grains or natural kefir starter culture, and fermentation was carried out under normal or modified atmosphere (10% CO(2)) conditions. The microbiological (lactobacilli, lactococci, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp., and yeasts), chemical (pH, lactic acid, total solids, protein, ethanol, exopolysaccharide contents), rheological, and sensory properties of kefir samples were investigated during a 21-d storage period. The use of different fermentation parameters or the choice of grain versus natural kefir starter culture did not significantly affect the content of microorganisms. Lactobacilli, lactococci, and yeast contents of kefir samples varied between 9.21 and 9.28, 9.23 and 9.29, and 4.71 and 5.53 log cfu/mL, respectively, on d 1 of storage. Contents of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. were between 5.78 and 6.43 and between 3.19 and 6.14 log cfu/mL, respectively, during 21 d of storage. During the storage period, pH, lactic acid (%), total solids (%), protein (%), acetaldehyde, and ethanol contents of kefir samples ranged from 4.29 to 4.53, from 0.81 to 0.95%, from 7.81 to 8.21%, from 3.09 to 3.48%, from 3.8 to 23.6 mg/L, and from 76.5 to 5,147 mg/L, respectively. The exopolysaccharide contents of the samples decreased during 21 d of cold storage; the samples fermented under modified atmosphere had relatively higher exopolysaccharide contents, indicating higher potential therapeutic properties. The kefir samples exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior according to the power law model. According to the sensory results, kefir produced from natural kefir starter culture under CO(2) atmosphere had the highest overall evaluation score at d 1.

پنجم اسفند ۱۳۹۱

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: افزایش عملکرد و انبار داری قارچ دکمه ای از طریق محلول پاشی قبل از برداشت با اسید آسکوربیک و کلرید کلسیم

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: خاصیت آنتی آکیدانی عصاره قارچ های خوراکی

In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Water-soluble Nucleotide-extract from Edible Fungi

Cui-Lin CHENG¹⁾, Zhen-Yu WANG^{1) 2)}, Li CHENG³⁾, Hai-Tian ZHAO¹⁾, Xin YANG¹⁾, Jia-Ren LIU⁴⁾, Mo-Li CUI¹⁾, Rong-Chun WANG¹⁾

1) School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology 2) School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University 3) School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University 4) Harvard Medical School

In this study, we obtained water-soluble nucleotide-extract from six kinds of edible fungi (Agrocybe chaxingu, Lentinus edodes, Coprinus comatus gray, Agaricus bisporus, Armillariella mellea, Flammulina velutipes), and the extract from Agrocybe Chaxingu sporocarp exhibited the highest total reducing power and the most remarkable scavenging activity on 2,2′-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), which had a good dose-response relationship with the concentration of water-soluble nucleotide. When the concentration of the nucleotide was 20 mg/mL, the ABTS scavenging rate could be 90%. The nucleotide-extract was also found to exhibit remarkable scavenging activity on hydroxyl radicals (EC₅₀ = 18.5 mg/mL), superoxide anion radicals (EC₅₀ = 38.4 mg/mL) and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity (EC₅₀ = 8.1 mg/mL). Moreover, the main nucleotides in the nucleotide-extract were identified by HPLC, which were respectively AMP, CMP, GMP, UMP, ADP, GDP and GTP in a molar ratio of 1:2.17:3.49:1.7 6:0.75:4.18:1.67. These results indicated that the nucleotide would be a new antioxidant with wonderful prospects.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: خصوصیات شیمیایی، مییزان آگاریتن و سلینوم قارچ دکمه ای

Chemical profile, agaritine and selenium content of Agaricus bisporus

ABSTRACT

Chemical profile of the Agaricus bisporus samples were analyzed using GC/MS method in ethanolic extracts. A total of 174 metabolic products were detected, which included 13 significant metabolites between 1.2 to 83 % (w/w); other 13 metabolites at 1% (w/w) and 148 metabolites less than 1% classified into 12 categories. These metabolites had many medicinal activities, which included anti-cancer, anti-cardiovascular diseases, anti-hypercholesterol, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, human health supporting and immune enhancer. HPLC analysis of water extracts of the A. bisporus samples showed that the spores and gills in the fresh adult mushroom had higher percentage of agaritine mycotoxin than the other parts. These contents were decreased by different treatments especially by boiling, preservation and cooking. The selenium contents (ppb) was measured by Galvanometric analysis and highest content was recorded in fresh whole mushroom sample (0.97) followed by cooked preserved (0.4) and fried sample (0.11).

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: اضافه نمودن میسلیوم قارچ ها به نان و تاثیر آن روی کیفیت نان

Quality of bread supplemented with mushroom mycelia

Abstract

Mushroom mycelia of Antrodia camphorata, Agaricus blazei, Hericium erinaceus and Phellinus linteus were used to substitute 5% of wheat flour to make bread. Bread quality, including specific volume, colour property, equivalent umami concentration (EUC), texture profile analysis, sensory evaluation and functional components, was analysed. Mycelium-supplemented bread was smaller in loaf volume and coloured, and had lower lightness and white index values. White bread contained the lowest amounts of free umami amino acids and umami 5'-nucleotides and showed the lowest EUC value. Incorporating 5% mushroom mycelia into the bread formula did not adversely affect the texture profile of the bread. However, incorporating 5% mushroom mycelia into the bread formula did lower bread's acceptability. After baking, mycelium-supplemented bread still contained substantial amounts of γ-aminobutyric acid and ergothioneine (0.23-0.86 and 0.79-2.10. mg/g dry matter, respectively). Overall, mushroom mycelium could be incorporated into bread to provide its beneficial health effects

هر روز با یک مقاله ۲۰۱۲ در این بخش

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تبدیل کمپوست مصرف شده قارچ به کود زیستی با استفاده از یک باکتری حل کننده فسفات که مقاوم به استرس است

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تنوع بیماریزایی در جدایه های سودوموناس عامل بیماری لکه قهوره ای باکتریایی قارچ دکمه ای

Pathogenic variation in isolates of Pseudomonas causing the brown blotch of cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

Mohamed A. Abou-Zeid

Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566 Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt

 ABSTRACT

Twenty seven bacterial isolates were isolated from superficial brown discolorations on the caps of cultivated Agaricus bisporus. After White Line Assay (WLA) and the assist of Biolog computer-identification system, isolates were divided into groups: (I) comprised ninteen bacterial isolates that positively responded to a Pseudomonas "reactans" reference strain (NCPPB1311) in WLA and were identified as Pseudomonas tolaasii, (II) comprised two isolates which were WLA+ towards the reference strain (JCM21583) of P. tolaasii and were proposed to be P. "reactans". The third group comprised six isolates, two of  which weakly responded to the strain of P. tolaasii and were identified as P. gingeri whereas the other four were WLA- and identified as P. fluorescens (three isolates) and P. marginalis (one isolate). Isolates of P. tolaasii showed high aggressiveness compared with those of P. "reactans" in pathogenicity tests. Cubes of 1 cm³ of A. bisporus turned brown and decreased in size when were inoculated with 10 µl of P. tolaasii suspension containing 10⁸ CFU ml^-1, whereas a similar concentration of P. "reactans" caused only light browning. Fifty µl of the same concentration of P. tolaasii isolates gave typical brown blotch symptoms on fresh mushroom sporophores whereas the two P. "reactans" isolates caused superficial light discoloration only after inoculation with 100 µl of the same concentration. Mixture from both bacterial suspensions increased the brown areas formed on the pileus. This is the first pathogenicity report of P. tolasii and P. "reactans" isolated from cultivated A. bisporus in Egypt.

Key words: Button mushroom, Bacterial brown discoloration, Pseudomonads, Biolog, Pathogenicity.

 مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تاثیر نور بر روی عملکرد برخی از اسرین های قارچ صدفی

Impact of light on yielding of some Pleurotus sp. strains

MAREK SIWULSKI, MIROSŁAWA ZIOMBRA and KRZYSZTOF SOBIERALSKI

Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznań University of Life Sciences Dąbrowskiego 159, PL-60-594 Poznań, fungus@up.poznan.pl

Siwulski M., Ziombra M., Sobieralski K.: Impact of light on yielding of some Pleurotus sp. strains. Acta Mycol. 47 (1): 65–73, 2012.

Light is an important factor deciding about yielding and morphological characters of Pleurotus carpophores. The objective of the research was to ascertain the impact of period and intensity of lighting on yielding and carpophore morphological features of four strains of oyster mushroom. The following strains were investigated: P. ostreatus: PX, K22 and P80 strains, P. pulmonarius: P20 strain. Fluorescent lamps with Day-Light were used to provide light in the cultivation room. The following lighting periods were used: 6, 10 and 14 hours/day and the applied lighting intensity included: 100, 300, 500 and 700 lx. Lighting exerted a significant impact on yielding. The highest carpophore crop was recorded when the applied lighting intensity was 500 and 700 lx for the period of 14 h/d. The highest mean mass of carpophores was recorded at 14-hour light exposure and 500 and 700 lx lighting intensity. Carpophore morphological features modified by the lighting period and its intensity included the cap diameter as well as the length and thickness of the stem.

Key words: oyster mushroom, cultivation, lighting intensity, carpophore, morphological traits

چهارم اسفند ۱۳۹۱

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: ارتباط بین اجزای عملکرد و مقاومت نسبی به بیماری حباب خشک قارچ دکمه ای، با استفاده از لوکوس صفات کمی

Relationship between Yield Components and Partial Resistance to Lecanicillium fungicola in the Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, Assessed by Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping

Dry bubble, caused by Lecanicillium fungicola, is one of the most detrimental diseases affecting button mushroom cultivation. In a previous study, we demonstrated that breeding for resistance to this pathogen is quite challenging due to its quantitative inheritance. A second-generation hybrid progeny derived from an intervarietal cross between a wild strain and a commercial cultivar was characterized for L. fungicola resistance under artificial inoculation in three independent experiments. Analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) was used to determine the locations, numbers, and effects of genomic regions associated with dry-bubble resistance. Four traits related to resistance were analyzed. Two to four QTL were detected per trait, depending on the experiment. Two genomic regions, on linkage group X (LGX) and LGVIII, were consistently detected in the three experiments. The genomic region on LGX was detected for three of the four variables studied. The total phenotypic variance accounted for by all QTL ranged from 19.3% to 42.1% over all traits in all experiments. For most of the QTL, the favorable allele for resistance came from the wild parent, but for some QTL, the allele that contributed to a higher level of resistance was carried by the cultivar. Comparative mapping with QTL for yield-related traits revealed five colocations between resistance and yield component loci, suggesting that the resistance results from both genetic factors and fitness expression. The consequences for mushroom breeding programs are discussed