۲۲ اسفند ۱۳۹۱
مقاله ۲۰۱۳: مدیریت آفات در قارچ کاری های تجاری آمریکا
Pest Management on Us Commercial Mushroom Farms
Authors: Pecchia, John; Beyer, David
Source: Outlooks on Pest Management, Volume 24, Number 1, February 2013 , pp. 28-29(2)
Publisher: Research Information
Abstract:
In 2011, mushroom production in the United States was valued at approximately $1.10 billion. Total mushroom production was second only to China. Agaricus bisporus production accounts for nearly 98% of the total US mushrooms grown based on volume of sales. Approximately 65% of the US production occurs in Pennsylvania with California producing 14% and the remaining production spread across the US in several states. The close proximity of the Pennsylvania mushroom farms to one another has many advantages for the mushroom growers: centralized composting operations, centralized packing houses as well as having specialized crews that can travel between farms doing a variety of operations that are essential in mushroom production. However, the close proximity of farms, centralized operations and contracted work crews can also lead to many challenges to growers when it comes to disease control. In addition to these challenges, the US mushroom growers have recently been experiencing the loss of many conventional pesticides to address their needs. Fewer chemical options are available today to control pathogens and flies on farms. Because of these challenges, US mushroom growers have been proactive in addressing disease management through an aggressive Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach. An effective mushroom IPM program utilizes a multiple control approach including exclusion, cultural controls, sanitation, chemical control and biological control measures. The origination of IPM in the US mushroom industry started with a program to address sciarid fly populations in the 1970s. Since then, it has developed into a complete program to address all potential pathogens and pests. To understand the practices utilized by US mushroom growers better, the IPM program will be discussed sequentially, by describing control measures currently being utilized with an explanation of the potential pathogens and pests addressed by each step. The description that follows is not meant to be inclusive of all steps that are implemented on US mushroom farms, but rather it is meant to be a guide to promote the thought process that will provide growers with the tools necessary to improve upon their own IPM program.
Keywords: AGARICUS BISPORUS; BUTTON MUSHROOM; INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT; IPM
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مدیریت آفات در قارچ کاری های تجاری آمریکا
مواد غذایی ضد سرطان: قارچ ها
Anti-Cancer Foods: Mushrooms
Written by Joel Fuhrman MD on 07/27/2012
Tags:Anti-Cancer Foods,Cancer,Immunity,Mushrooms,Reboot
We usually think of brightly colored vegetables as the ones having the most health-promoting properties – since antioxidants are pigments, and deeply colored plant foods like blueberries are extremely rich in these beneficial pigments. Mushrooms may not be so beautifully colored, but they certainly contain plenty of valuable phytochemicals.
Mushrooms support the immune system
Mushrooms contain certain molecules that are thought to fight infections and even cancers by stimulating immune cells.(1, 2)
Mushrooms are unique in their breast cancer preventing (anti-aromatase) effects
Frequent consumption of mushrooms (approximately 1 button mushroom per day) has been shown to decrease the risk of breast cancer by 60-70%.(3) Mushrooms are thought to protect against breast cancer particularly because they inhibit an enzyme called aromatase, which produces estrogen. Mushrooms are one of the very few foods that inhibit aromatase, and several varieties of mushrooms have strong anti-aromatase activity.(4)
Protection against other cancers
Consumption of mushrooms does not only protect against breast cancer. In addition to anti-aromatase activity, white, cremini, portobello, oyster, maitake, and reishi mushrooms have all been shown to have a wide variety of anti-cancer properties. These effects have been studied in relation to stomach, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers.(5-13)
Mushrooms add unique flavors and textures to vegetable dishes, and are delicious paired with fresh herbs. Combining mushrooms with the onion family, green and cruciferous vegetables, and beans, creates delicious, healthful, and powerfully protective meals.
To read more about the unique health benefits of mushrooms, read Dr. Fuhrman’s most recent book Super Immunity.
References:
1. Yu L, Fernig DG, Smith JA, et al: Reversible inhibition of proliferation of epithelial cell lines by Agaricus bisporus (edible mushroom) lectin. Cancer Res 1993;53:4627-4632.
2. Carrizo ME, Capaldi S, Perduca M, et al: The antineoplastic lectin of the common edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) has two binding sites, each specific for a different configuration at a single epimeric hydroxyl. The Journal of biological chemistry 2005;280:10614-10623.
3. Zhang M, Huang J, Xie X, et al: Dietary intakes of mushrooms and green tea combine to reduce the risk of breast cancer in Chinese women. Int J Cancer 2009;124:1404-1408.
4. Grube BJ, Eng ET, Kao YC, et al: White button mushroom phytochemicals inhibit aromatase activity and breast cancer cell proliferation. The Journal of nutrition 2001;131:3288-3293.
5. Hara M, Hanaoka T, Kobayashi M, et al: Cruciferous vegetables, mushrooms, and gastrointestinal cancer risks in a multicenter, hospital-based case-control study in Japan. Nutr Cancer 2003;46:138-147.
6. Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, et al: Greater vegetable and fruit intake is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer 2009;125:181-188.
7. Martin KR, Brophy SK: Commonly consumed and specialty dietary mushrooms reduce cellular proliferation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Exp Biol Med 2010;235:1306-1314.
8. Fang N, Li Q, Yu S, et al: Inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis in human cancer cell lines by an ethyl acetate fraction from shiitake mushrooms. J Altern Complement Med 2006;12:125-132.
9. Ng ML, Yap AT: Inhibition of human colon carcinoma development by lentinan from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes). J Altern Complement Med 2002;8:581-589.
10. Adams LS, Phung S, Wu X, et al: White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) exhibits antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties and inhibits prostate tumor growth in athymic mice. Nutr Cancer 2008;60:744-756.
11. Lakshmi B, Ajith TA, Sheena N, et al: Antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities of ethanol extract of the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum occurring in South India. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 2003;Suppl 1:85-97.
12. Cao QZ, Lin ZB: Antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2004;25:833-838.
13. Lin ZB, Zhang HN: Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2004;25:1387-1395
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قارچ ها
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A. B. Sivolapova, A. V. Shnyreva, A. Sonnenberg and I. Baars
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Pleurotus, in particular, species Pleurotus ostreatus (common oyster mushroom) are among most cultivated fungi in the world. Due to intense rates of development of studies in this field, efficient breeding programs are highly required in the search for new P. ostreatus strains. The principal traits used worldwide for selecting strains are intensity of fruitbearing, fruit body cap color (for some consumptive markets), and mycelium growth rate. In this connection, the objective of this work was to study these quantitative traits and to find molecular markers, which could be employed to accomplish breeding programs. In general, we found 12 genomic loci (quantitative trait loci, QTLs) controlling mycelium growth rate of oyster and six QTLs responsible for the fruit body cap color. The genetic map of P. ostreatus was constructed, and all markers of quantitative traits found by us were located on this genetic map. The obtained linkage map can be a useful tool for the accomplishment of breeding programs to improve economically important traits of oyster mushroom.
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