مقاله قارچ: تاثیر دی اکسید کربن،‌مقدار و ترکیب خاک پوششی روی عملکرد قارچ دکمه ای دارویی

مقاله 2011: کنترل آفت (حشره، مگس) در کارخانجات قارچ خوراکی با استفاده از هورمون های رشد به روش تزریق به خاک

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: ویژگی های آنتی اکسیدانی گونه های قارچ های خوراکی مختلف و افزایش ضریب تبدیل شاه صدف با استفاده از مواد محلی در دست رس برای خاک پوششی

Antioxidant properties of different edible mushroom species and increased bioconversion efficiency of Pleurotus eryngii using locally available casing materials

Total phenolics, radical scavenging activity (RSA) on DPPH, ascorbic acid content and chelating activity on Fe²⁺ of Pleurotus citrinopileatus, P. djamor, P. eryngii, P. flabellatus, P. florida, P. ostreatus, P. sajor-caju and Hypsizygus ulmarius have been evaluated. The assayed mushrooms contained 3.94-21.67 mg TAE of phenolics, 13.63-69.67% DPPH scavenging activity, 3.76-6.76 mg ascorbic acid and 60.25-82.7% chelating activity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that significantly higher total phenolics, RSA on DPPH and growth/day was present in P. eryngii whereas P. citrinopileatus showed higher ascorbic acid and chelating activity. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that studied mushroom species fall into two clusters; Cluster I included P. djamor, P. eryngii and P. flabellatus, while Cluster II included H. ulmarius, P. sajor-caju, P. citrinopileatus, P. ostreatus and P. florida. Enhanced yield of P. eryngii was achieved on spent compost casing material. Use of casing materials enhanced yield by 21-107% over non-cased substrate.

► Pleurotus eryngii possessed higher total phenolics, RSA on DPPH and growth/day. ► Higher ascorbic acid and chelating activity was found in P. citrinopileatus. ► Based on AHC, studied edible mushroom species were fall into two clusters. ► Enhanced BE of P. eryngii was achieved using spent compost casing overlay.

Keywords

• Edible mushrooms, Antioxidant properties;
• Principal component analysis;
• Pleurotus eryngi;
• Casing materials;
• Biological efficiency

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: لاکیز خارچ سلولی از قارچ صدفی: مقاومت به دما و واکنش نسبت به یون های فلزی

Extracellular laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus strain EM-1 :Thermal stability and response to metal ions

Abstract:

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مقاله ۲۰۱۳: اهلی سازی و کشت قارچ صدفی پالموناریوس وحشی

Domestication and Cultivation of Wild Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius)

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: ارزیابی محیط کشت های ارگانیک مختلف روی ترکیب شیمایی خاک، رشد و عملکرد قارچ پلوروتوس

Comparative Evaluation of Different Organic Media on Soil Chemical Composition, Growth, and Yield of Mushroom (Pleurotus tubergium L.)

The effectiveness of organic media as sources of nutrients on soil fertility, growth, and yield of mushroom (Pleurotus tubergium) was studied at Akure in the rainforest zone of Nigeria. The organic media were applied at 8 t/ha with an organo-mineral fertilizer medium as a reference material and unfertilized control treatment, replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The result showed that the use of organic media increased significantly crown width, stalk length, stalk girth, weight of fruiting bodies of mushroom and soil K, Ca, Mg, N, P, K, Ca, and O.M compared to the control treatment. Among the organic media, loamy soil had the highest values of mushroom crown width and weight of fruiting bodies relative to the others. However, the organo-mineral medium still had higher values of mushroom growth and yield than the soil organic media, but it may increase cost of production. For soil chemical composition, loamy soil treatment had the highest values of soil O.M and % N while oil palm bunch husk had the highest values of soil K, Ca, and Mg compared to other treatments. Wood ash treatment increased most the soil pH. In these experiments, loamy soil and soybean husk media applied at 8 t/ha were the most effective organic media for improving growth, yield of mushroom, and soil fertility.

آستراودوریک اسید ای-دی: تری ترپن های لانوستان جدید از قاچ خوراکی و خاصیت ضد میکروبی آن

Astraodoric acid A-D: New Lanostane Triterpenes from Edible Mushroom Astraeus odoratus and their Anti Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and Cytotoxic Activity

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: پلوران (یک بتاگلوکان قارچ صدفی): یک مکمل غذایی موثر علیه عفونت دستگاه تنفسی

Pleuran (β-Glucan from P: leurotus ostreatus ): An Effective Nutritional Supplement against Upper Respiratory Tract Infections?.

Prolonged and high-intensity exercise affects immune function and leads to an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in endurance athletes. The increased incidence of URTI symptoms may negatively affect athletic performance. Various nutritional supplements have been tested in the last decade for their ability to prevent developing of URTIs or reduce their incidence. One of the most promising nutritional supplements is β-glucan, a well-known immunomodulator with positive effects on functioning of immunocompetent cells. However, β-glucans are a diverse group of molecules that vary in macromolecular structure, solubility, viscosity, molecular weight and biological activity. This fact is supported by results from recent human clinical studies where β-glucans of different origin and properties differed in ability to prevent or reduce incidence of URTIs in athletes. It has been found that pleuran, a unique insoluble β-glucan isolated from mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, significantly reduced the incidence of URTI symptoms in athletes. In addition, it was able to increase the number of circulating natural killer cells and to prevent reduction of natural killer cell activity. Contrarily, soluble oat β-glucan supplementation did not alter URTI incidence in endurance athletes. This difference suggests that the immunomodulatory capacity of β-glucans is strongly dependent on solubility and structural factors such as backbone structure and degree of branching. This review refers to using pleuran as a natural supplement that is able to protect endurance athletes against development of URTI.

Chemical mutagenesis of basidiospores of Hypsizygus marmoreus generated new mushroom strains. The basidospores were treated with methanesulfonate methylester, an alkylating agent, to yield 400 mutant monokaryotic mycelia. Twenty fast-growing mycelia were selected and mated each other by hyphal fusion. Fifty out of the 190 matings were successful (mating rate of 26.3%), judged by the formation of clamp connections. The mutant dikaryons were cultivated to investigate their morphological and cultivation characteristics. Mutant strains No. 3 and No. 5 showed 10% and 6% increase in fruiting body production, respectively. Eight mutant strains showed delayed and reduced primordia formation, resulting in the reduced production yield with prolonged cultivation period. The number of the fruiting bodies of mutant No. 31, which displayed reduced primordial formation, was only 15, compared to the parental number of 65. Another interesting phenotype was a fruiting body with a flattened stipe and pileus. Dikaryons generated by mating with the mutant spore No. 14 produced flat fruiting bodies. Further molecular biological studies will provide details of the mechanism. This work shows that the chemical mutagenesis approach is highly utilizable in the development of mushroom strains as well as in the generation of resources for molecular genetic studies.

EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WHITE BUTTON MUSHROOM AGARICUS BISPORUS

هر روز با یک مقاله ۲۰۱۲ در این بخش

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: فعالیت ضد رادیکالی و آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره های متانولی قارچ ترمیت بومی

Antiradical and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of indigenous termitarian mushroom from Tanzania

Abstract

The result showed that they all exhibited scavenging ability and antiradical activity although the ability differed markedly among the species. The highest antiradical activity unit (EAU₅₁₅) was from T. microcarpus (EAU₅₁₅ 1.48) followed by T. aurantiacus (EAU₅₁₅ 1.43) while the lowest was from T. eurhizus (EAU₅₁₅ 0.7). The scavenging power was also highest in T. microcarpus (EC₅₀ < 0.1 mg/ml) followed by T. letestui (EC₅₀ = 0.14 mg/ml); while T. eurhizus showed the least power (EC₅₀ = 0.36 mg/ml). In quantitative analysis, T. microcarpus was also found having high content of phenols, Flavonoid, and b-carotene except lycopene and Vitamin C content which were high in T. aurantiacus and T. eurhizus respectively.

Based on these results, all studied termitarian mushroom are good source of antioxidants while T. microcarpus could be considered as potential antiradicals of high profile thus thought for selection in preparation of mushroom-based nutraceutics. The results also endorse the continuing harvesting of these wild mushrooms for including them in our daily food for healthy diets.

 Keywords: Antioxidant, antiradical, Termitomyces, Termitarian, Tanzania

مقاومت لکانیسلیوم فانحیکولا عامل بیماری حباب خشک قارچ دکمه ای به بنزیمیدازول ها  و قارچ کش های بازدارنده دمتیلیشن ارگسترول

مقاله ۲۰۱۳: میزان شیوع بیماری حباب خشک در بستر های قارچ دکمه ای با دو نوع خاک پوششی

Incidence of Lecanicillium Fungicola in White-Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus) Cultivated With Two Types of Casing Soil

 F.J. Gea, J. Carrasco, M. Santos, F. Dianez, M.J. Navarro

doi: 10.4454/JPP.V95I1.014

Abstract

ریشه انواع عطر و بو هایی که از کمپوست قارچ به مشام می رسد و راهکار هایی برای کاهش و جلوگیری

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: قارچ یک مکمل غذایی ایده آل است

Mushroom is an Ideal Food Supplement

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: مدیریت کپک های رقیب و بیماری ها در قارچ خوراکی وولواریلا

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: فاکتور های تاثیر گذار فیزیکو شیمیایی کمپوست بر روی عملکرد قارچ دکمه ای

به ادامه مطلب مراجعه نمایید

مقاله 2013: تاثیر فاز یک کمپوست سازی و استریل نمودن کمپوست در کشت قارچ صدفی

ضایئات ذرت (بخش چوبی بلال) و ذغال فعال در تولید لاکیز و بازیدیوم قارچ صدفی

Corncob and active charcoal in the Laccase and Basidiome production of Pleurotus sp.

Abstract

Corn cob as a lignocellulosic feedstock could be a viable option for edible mushroom production by fungi of the genus Pleurotus considering that there are enormous amounts of this agricultural waste in the State of Parana, as well in the whole Brazil territory. This work evaluated three strains of Pleurotus sp., Pleurotus ostreatus (white and CCB), P. Eryngii (salmon), as laccase producers using liquid extract of corn cob, and solid medium based on corn cob without adding other nutritional sources. A strain of Pleurotus ostreatus (white) produced the highest titres of laccase in liquid medium (1.2 U L^-1) and also on solid medium (~2.8 U kg^-1) among the three strains evaluated. The additon of active charcoal increased the biological efficency (30.3%) of P. eryngii (salmon) when compared in its absence (12.7%). However, the strain of P. ostreatus (white) did not present statistical difference among the treatments demonstrating that the addition of active charcoal to the solid medium for mushroom production can promote an increase in the biological efficiency depending upon the fungal strain used.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تعیین توالی ژنوم قارچ گنودرما Ganoderma lucidum

Genome sequence of the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum is a widely used medicinal macrofungus in traditional Chinese medicine that creates a diverse set of bioactive compounds. Here we report its 43.3-Mb genome, encoding 16,113 predicted genes, obtained using next-generation sequencing and optical mapping approaches. The sequence analysis reveals an impressive array of genes encoding cytochrome P450s (CYPs), transporters and regulatory proteins that cooperate in secondary metabolism. The genome also encodes one of the richest sets of wood degradation enzymes among all of the sequenced basidiomycetes. In all, 24 physical CYP gene clusters are identified. Moreover, 78 CYP genes are coexpressed with lanosterol synthase, and 16 of these show high similarity to fungal CYPs that specifically hydroxylate testosterone, suggesting their possible roles in triterpenoid biosynthesis. The elucidation of the G. lucidum genome makes this organism a potential model system for the study of secondary metabolic pathways and their regulation in medicinal fungi.

پیشبینی کیفیت قارچ دکمه ای به وسیله بیان ژن

Title: Quality Prediction of Agaricus bisporus Mushrooms by Gene Expression

Abstract:

Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) have a limited shelf life. An optimal time of harvest, quick cooling and short transport time to selling points are needed to ensure a good quality. Even if these conditions are optimal, large variations can be seen in quality of different mushroom batches. A cause of this variation in quality is not always evident.

There is, in principle, for each quality grade a suitable market. However, the unpredictable postharvest quality development makes it difficult to match quality and market type. It is estimated that this leads to an economic loss of 5–10% of crop value.

Tools to predict postharvest quality can help to improve matching of quality and market type. One of the possible tools is based on gene expression analysis. A prerequisite for this approach is the availability of molecular indicator genes and a fast method to assess gene expression. We have used dedicated microarrays containing over 700 spotted unique genes to identify genes whose activity is correlated with postharvest quality development. For this, a small-scale microarray hybridisation experiment was used to analyse the expression of these genes in batches of button mushrooms that showed different degree of browning after a cold postharvest period of 7 days. These analyses have generated a list of putative indicator genes. Ongoing research, using real-time polymerase chain reaction will reveal if these putative indicators can be used for quality prediction of mushrooms in the production chain. Although real-time-based gene-expression analysis is a reliable way to assess gene expression, the method is probably too costly and time consuming (taking at least one day) for practical ‘in-chain’ application. We will therefore develop with additional partners new and faster types of sampling, and RNA isolation and detection methods.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: استانداردسازی تکنولوژی تولید قارچ دکمه ای سفید در اودیشا با استفاده از روش های بلند مدت کمپوست سازی

Standardization of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production technologies in odisha following long method of composting.

Abstract

Among the high yielding strains of Agaricus bisporus screened for their adaptability in Odisha conditions, S-11 was found to be superior with 13.43% biological efficiency. Production technologies viz., evaluation of compost formulations and casing materials were standardized. Paddy straw based compost formulation along with FYM+loam soil (1:1) as casing material could yield 12.66 and 13.15% biological efficiency respectively. The experiments were conducted using wheat grain spawn with optimum temperature and humidity.

مقاله 2013: عملکرد نسبی قارچ صدفی فلوریدا بر روی کمپوست های مختلف

مقاله ۲۰۱۳: بیماری ویروسی قارچی به نام Mvx : یک بیماری ویروس قارچ ها در هلند

بررسي تاثير منابع مختلف كربن و ازت بر رشد رويشي قارچ خوراكي شاه صدف [.Pleuroutus eryngii (DC:Fr.) Quel]

 علوي عزيزاله,محمدي گل تپه ابراهيم,ارزاني كاظم,پورجم ابراهيم

   كربن و ازت از عناصر اصلي و مورد نياز براي رشد ريسه‌هاي قارچ Pleurotus eryngii مي‌باشد. و نقش عمده در ساخت پروتئين، پروتوپلاسم، اسيدهاي هسته اي، آنزيم‌ها و ديواره سلولي دارند. بدين منظور تاثير منابع مختلف كربن و ازت در محيط كشت پايه بر رشد رويشي دو جدايه از قارچ خوراكي شاه صدف مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.نتايج نشان داد از بين منابع كربن، مالتوز و دكستروز در جدايه 80 و گالاكتوز و دكستروز در جدايه 65 باعث بيشترين رشد ريسه مي‌گرديد. همچنين از بين منابع ازتي، گلوتاميك اسيد، پپتون آسپارتيك اسيد و ايزولوسين بيشترين تاثير را در رشد رويشي جدايه 80 و آسپاراژين و پپتون باعث بيشترين رشد در جدايه 65 شده است. در اين آزمايش غلظت 22 گرم در ليتر دكستروز و 20 گرم در ليتر مالتوز به ترتيب، باعث بيشترين تاثير در رشد رويشي جدايه‌هاي 80 و 65 گرديد. حداكثر رشد ريسه در ايزوله 80 با 2.5 گرم در ليتر گلوتاميك اسيد و در جدايه 65 با 3 گرم در ليتر آسپاراژين بدست آمد. افزايش غلظت منبع ازته تا حد مطلوب باعث افزايش وزن خشك ريسه قارچ گرديد. ليكن افزايش بيش از اندازه آن وزن خشك ريسه را كاهش داد.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تاثیر تیمار های فوق صوتی و شیمیایی روی قارچ دکمه ای قبل از بسته بندی با اتمسفر تغیر یافته برای افزایش دوام قارچ پس از برداشت

Effects of ultrasound and chemical treatments on white mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) prior to modified atmosphere packaging in extending shelf-life

Abstract

Effects of pre-treatments of white mushrooms prior to modified atmosphere packaging on their physico-chemical and microbiological properties were studied during 12 days of storage at 4 °C. Physico-chemical and microbiological properties of differently treated mushrooms stored at 4 °C were significantly different (P < 0.05) from untreated ones. Washed samples exhibited the smallest respiration rate compared to all other samples. Hydrogen peroxide washing was effective in retaining mushrooms colour change. Furthermore, the diminishments in weight of ultrasound treated samples during storage were significantly (P  < 0.05) low in comparison with the other four treatments. The weight loss for ultrasound treated samples were 3.52 %, 4.07 % and 4.59 % for U_ca, U_H2O2 and U_H2O respectively. The lowest PPO activity was observed in U_ca, U_H2O2 followed by W_ca, W_H2O2, U_H2O and W_H2O treatments respectfully. Combined treatments showed lower polyphenol oxidase activity, retained antioxidants, delayed pseudomonas growth and did not cause any decline in tissue firmness during storage time implying that it could extend shelf life of white mushrooms up to 12 days at 4 °C.

لینک در ادامه مطلب

اصلاح مولکولی قارچ صدفی با استفاده از منگنز پروکسیداز

Molecular breeding of white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus by homologous expression of its versatile peroxidase MnP2

بازيافت پس مانده كامپوست (SMC) و استفاده از آن به عنوان خاك پوششي در پرورش قارچ خوراكي تكمه اي Agaricus bisporus

 رياحي حسين,وحيدآفاق هايده,شيدايي مسعود

 يکي از مواد مورد نياز کشت قارچ هاي خوراکي تکمه اي خاک پوششي است. فقدان خاک پوششي مناسب از معضلات پرورش دهندگان اين نوع قارچ در ايران محسوب مي شود. از پس مانده کامپوست يا (SMC) مي توان خاک پوششي مناسبي تهيه نمود. در اين تحقيق (SMC) سه ساله استفاده شد. براي برطرف نمودن شوري آن از روش ليچينگ استفاده گرديد. خواص فيزيکي، شيميايي، ميکروبي، ميزان رشد ميسليوم و مقدار محصول قبل و بعد از ليچينگ مطالعه شد. سپس (SMC) ليچ شده به عنوان خاک پوششي استفاده محصول بدست آمده با محصول خاک شمال مقايسه گرديد که اختلاف معني داري بين محصول خاک شمال و (SMC) ليچ شده مشاهده نشد. در نتيجه مي توان از اين ماده استفاده آن را جايگزين خاک پيت شمال نمود.

دی ۹۰

هشتمین کنفرانس بین الملی بیولوژی قارج های خوراکی و محصولات قارجی در قند سال ۲۰۱۴

The 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products will be organized during 19-22 November 2014, in New Delhi, India

The Conference Venue will be the NASC Complex at Pusa, New Delhi.

This Conference is organized by WSMBMP, the Directorate of Mushroom Research, and the Mushroom Society of India.

Contact name: Dr. Manjit Singh, Director, Directorate of Mushroom Research/President, Mushroom Society of India, Solan

E-mail: icmbmp8.manjit@gmail.com or icmbmp8.secretariat@gmail.com

http://wsmbmp.org/8th_International.html

Previous Conference Proceedings

Sharma Deepti Thakur M P

Antifungal activity of culture filtrate and fruit body extract of local strain of Ganoderma spp was studied against four common contaminants of oyster mushroom beds under in vitro conditions. It was observed that the culture filtrate of Ganoderma spp. inhibit 70 and 75% growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma viride respectively over control flasks. There was no sclerotia formation in Rhizoctonia solani in culture filtrate of Ganoderma spp. amended flasks as against complete growth of R. solani with abundant sclerotia in control flasks. Similarly, no sporulation with thinner growth of Tricoderma viride was observed in culture filtrate of Ganoderma spp. amended flasks compared to complete growth and initiation of sporulation at the margin in control flasks. In case of Coprinus spp. and Sclerotium rolfsii, no growth was observed in culture filtrate of Ganoderma spp. but initiation of growth was observed in control flasks. In case of fruit body extract of Ganoderma spp., it was found that the growth of contaminants was suppressed by fruit body extract of 30 and 20 percent concentration whereas 10 percent concentration enhanced the growth and sclerotia formation of all contaminants.

مقاله مروری ۲۰۱۲: مهمترین گونه دارویی جنس آگاریکوس قارچ

Agaricus subrufescens: A review

Komsit Wisitrassameewong^{a, b},

مقاله مروری ۲۰۱۲: قارچ شی تاکه: یک ابزار پزشکی 

Shiitake Mushroom: A Tool of Medicine

Taufiqur Rahman1, MBK Choudhury2

مقاله فارسی: اصلاح عملكرد قارچ خوراكي دكمه اي سفيد با استفاده از گزينش جدايه هاي خالص و كشتهاي چند اسپوري

 گردان حميدرضا,فارسي محمد

 اصلاح قارچ خوراکي دگمه اي سفيد همواره با مشکلات زيادي همراه بوده است. هموتاليسم ثانويه در اين قارچ باعث مي شود که بيشتر بازيديوسپورها (بيش از 90 درصد) هتروکاريونهاي خودباور توليد کنند و فراواني هموکاريونها که از نظر اصلاحي مهم هستند، بسيار پايين (کمتر از 10درصد) باشـد. هدف اصلي اين مطالعه، استـفاده از تنوع موجود در ميان جدايه هاي خالص و نمونه هاي گرفته شده از کشت هاي چند اسپوري در جهت به نژادي اين قـارچ بود. کشتهاي اسپـوري از چندين نژاد تجـاري خارجي و داخـلي تهيه شدند. از کشتـهاي تک و چند اسپوري، جدايه هاي خالص تهيه شـدند و براي توليد بذر و اندام زايشي مورد استـفاده قرار گرفتند. بر اساس شکل پرگنه و سرعـت رشدي، تنوع بازيديوسپورها در محيط کشت جامد، بذر و بستر کشت مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. سپس ارتباط بيـن کلاسهاي شکل پرگـنه، سرعت رشدي و عملکرد بررسي شد. نتايج نشان داد که هيچـکدام از جدايه هاي داراي تيپ رشدي بدون ميسليوم هوايي و سرعت رشـدي کند يا بسـيار کند، قارچ توليد نکردند يا توليد آنها بسيـار اندک (≤3 kg/m2) بود، اما در غالـب جدايه هـاي داراي تيـپ رشدي رشتـه اي و سرعت رشـدي سريع، عملـکرد متوسط و بالا (3-10 kg/m2) يا بسـيار بالا (≥10 kg/m2) مشاهده شد

نکات کلیدی در پروش قارچ خوراکی

Activity
Adjusting CO2 limits
Air spread and air movement
Ash content in compost
Bacterial blotch
Bacterial blotch
Bacterial blotch and spraying
Bubble, a recurring problem
Care with supplements
Casing and water

مقاله ۲۰۱۳: گونه ای جدید از قارچ صدفی، جدا شده از نواحی سرد و خشک

Pleurotus himalayaensis Dhancholia Sp.nov. A Highly Delicious Edible Mushroom from Dry Temperate Cold Desert Zone of Lahoul Valley in Himachal Pradesh (India)

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: اصلاح قارچ شاه صدف با اشعه

Hybridization Breeding of Pleurotus Eryngii with Ultraviolet Irradiation on Mononuclear Mycelia and Selecting of Filial Generations

Pleurotus eryngii is one of the important edible fungis with high value and medicinal properties. The industrialization and scale of Pleurotus eryngii is developed with the generalize of liquid spawn planting method. In this experiment, as the parent strain of Pleurotus eryngii, the application of submerged culture spawn for Xing-T was studied. with ultraviolet radiation mutagenesis and monospore cross breeding, the good quality progeny strains would be obtained by a series of selecting experiments.1. An optimum medium was determined, dand compositions of fermentation were as follows: Soybean powder 2%, wheat bran 2%, glucose 1%, yeast extract 0.5%, KH2PO4 0.1%, MgSO4·7H2O 0.1%, VB1 0.002%. The activity of pellets reached largest, and the fermentative period was 7 d. The optimal storage time of liquid spawn in 4℃was 6 d, and The time of the liquid spawn from germination to harvest was 51 d.2. In this experiment, with ultraviolet irradiation on mononuclear mycelia of Pleurotus eryngii, five different time stages were set up, and monospore cross breed with the mutagenize of mycelia.3. 76 new crossing progeniy strains were obtained by microscope checking and antagonistic experiment. And 16 new strains were obtained by means of vertical slab polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis and analysis of esterase isozyme of parent and new cross combinations, which had mutually complementary enzyme bands and new enzyme bands.4. Comparing the growth of mycelium, the resistance to Trichoderma Viride and characteristics of fruiting bodies, Z26 growed fast in the mother culture with 4.82 mm/d. Z56 was the best strain in the liquid medium with the highest weight, the smallest diameter and the largest density. The average biological efficiency of Z6 and Z25 was higher than parent strain.5. Four strains were obtained. The mycelium of Z26 growed well and faster, and had stronger resistance to Trichoderma Viride. Z42 and Z59 showed bigger fruiting body with well characteristics; Z56 was in order to liquid spawn.

کلید شناسایی حدود ۳۰۰ جنس و ۳۰۰۰ گونه از قارچ های کلاهک دار

Funga Nordica: 2nd edition 2012. Edited by Knudsen, H. & Vesterholt, J.

The book has been revised and enlarged and now comes in two volumes. The DVD MycoKey is not included in this edition. The laminated cover will differ from the earlier edition shown, being a plain blue background with white text.

There will be no increase in price from the first edition.

The funga is edited by Henning Knudsen and Jan Vesterholt with contributions from 49 mycologists from 16 countries. It is widely recognised as an important guide to fungi in Northern European countries.

The work now covers agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gastroid genera This new edition has therefore been complemented by the addition of the gastromycetes (incl. the basidiotruffles) and the clavarioid fungi (excl. Gomphales).

There are keys and descriptions to 3054 species of basidiomycetes from northern Europe, distributed in 278 genera.

Inner back cover with easy-to-use index to genera and an alphabetical index to +5000 species.

مقاله ۲۰۱۲: تاثیر پارامتر های مختلف تخمیری روی خصوصیات کیفی کفیر

Effects of different fermentation parameters on quality characteristics of kefir.

Kök-Taş T, Seydim AC, Ozer B, Guzel-Seydim ZB.

Source

Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Suleyman Demirel University, Cunur, 32260 Isparta, Turkey. Electronic address: tugbakoktas@sdu.edu.tr.

Abstract

The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of different fermentation parameters on kefir quality. Kefir samples were produced using kefir grains or natural kefir starter culture, and fermentation was carried out under normal or modified atmosphere (10% CO(2)) conditions. The microbiological (lactobacilli, lactococci, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp., and yeasts), chemical (pH, lactic acid, total solids, protein, ethanol, exopolysaccharide contents), rheological, and sensory properties of kefir samples were investigated during a 21-d storage period. The use of different fermentation parameters or the choice of grain versus natural kefir starter culture did not significantly affect the content of microorganisms. Lactobacilli, lactococci, and yeast contents of kefir samples varied between 9.21 and 9.28, 9.23 and 9.29, and 4.71 and 5.53 log cfu/mL, respectively, on d 1 of storage. Contents of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. were between 5.78 and 6.43 and between 3.19 and 6.14 log cfu/mL, respectively, during 21 d of storage. During the storage period, pH, lactic acid (%), total solids (%), protein (%), acetaldehyde, and ethanol contents of kefir samples ranged from 4.29 to 4.53, from 0.81 to 0.95%, from 7.81 to 8.21%, from 3.09 to 3.48%, from 3.8 to 23.6 mg/L, and from 76.5 to 5,147 mg/L, respectively. The exopolysaccharide contents of the samples decreased during 21 d of cold storage; the samples fermented under modified atmosphere had relatively higher exopolysaccharide contents, indicating higher potential therapeutic properties. The kefir samples exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior according to the power law model. According to the sensory results, kefir produced from natural kefir starter culture under CO(2) atmosphere had the highest overall evaluation score at d 1.